Stanford children - Stanford Medicine Children's Health Hirschsprung disease is a rare birth defect. It affects the nerve cells in the large intestine. These nerve cells control the muscles that move food and waste, or stool, through the large intestine. The large intestine is the last part of the digestive tract.

 
Dr. Grace Lee is Chief Quality Officer and the Christopher G. Dawes Endowed Director of Quality at Stanford Medicine Children’s Health and Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, and Associate Dean for Maternal and Child Health (Quality and Safety) and Professor of Pediatrics at Stanford University School of Medicine. She oversees the …. Percent27s home improvement south semoran boulevard orlando fl

Injury rates: More than 3.5 million children ages 14 and younger get hurt annually playing sports or participating in recreational activities. Although death from a sports injury is rare, the leading cause of death from a sports-related injury is a brain injury. Sports and recreational activities contribute to approximately 21 percent of all ... Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford is the only hospital in the world that is currently offering the dual immune/solid organ transplant (DISOT). The team earned FDA approval for DISOT in 2022 and was recently featured in the The New England Journal of Medicine. The hitch for Traejen was that he would be the first ever to receive it for …This level of high-quality care was recognized by U.S. News & World Report, which ranked Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford in all 10 pediatric specialties, and ranked Neonatology third in the nation in their 2020–2021 Best …Stanford Children’s Health is now Stanford Medicine Children’s Health. Along with Stanford Health Care and Stanford School of Medicine, we are part of the Stanford Medicine ecosystem dedicated to improving health outcomes for all () About. EMR Integration. BiliRecs is a Clinical Decision Support tool designed to aid in the treatment of indirect hyperbilirubinemia in newborns, created by Stanford Children's Health.Lysine may slow or stop the growth of viruses. It may protect against sexual transmission of the herpes virus. It may prevent cold sores (herpes sores) from coming back when taken with vitamin C and bioflavonoids. Lysine may improve how calcium is used. It may aid in bone growth and healing.Stanford Medicine Children’s Health patients benefit from the quality clinical testing services provided by the Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Laboratories at Stanford Medicine Health Care. Our laboratory and pathology testing services include blood draw and specimen collection.Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder. Obsessions are recurring thoughts. Compulsions are recurring behaviors. A child with OCD has obsessive thoughts that are not wanted. They are linked to fears, such as touching dirty objects. He or she uses compulsive rituals to control the fears, such as excessive handwashing.But some children have language disorders. They may have: Receptive language disorder. A child has trouble understanding words that he or she hears and reads. Expressive language disorder. A child has trouble speaking with others and expressing thoughts and feelings. A child will often have both disorders at the same time.2 days ago · The 23-24 Postdoctoral Scholar Child Care Assistance Grant Program provides up to $5,000/academic year/family to eligible postdoctoral scholars with dependent children to assist with child care. Awards are paid monthly and are taxable income. Eligibility Requirements Applicant Must be a Stanford postdoctoral scholar, appointed through the …Stanford Medicine Children’s Health patients benefit from the quality clinical testing services provided by the Anatomic Pathology and Clinical Laboratories at Stanford Medicine Health Care. Our laboratory and pathology testing services include blood draw and specimen collection.Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health problem. It can affect people of all ages. A child with PTSD keeps having scary thoughts and memories of a past event. He or she finds the event terrifying, either physically or emotionally. The symptoms of PTSD may start soon after a stressful event. Or they may not happen for 6 months or ... 6 days ago · The ultimate goal is to bridge the gap between transformational discovery and cures that can save lives. Our successes are made possible largely through the Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute (MCHRI), built on the foundational support of visionary donors who recognized the Institute’s potential to accelerate innovative ...Call +1-650-498-7500 or x8-7500 from within the hospital. LPCH IS Service Desk Portal. LPCH IT Service Portal. You can also use the TicketSnap 2.0 program found on the desktop of most LPCH workstations. There is a also the IS Now Mobile App which can be used to access help at LPCH/SCH. Stanford Children’s Health, is the only Bay Area health network dedicated exclusively to pediatrics and obstetrics—from pharmacies and imaging to all general services. That means whether you’re visiting us for a well check …During pregnancy, the fetal circulatory system works differently than after birth: The fetus is connected by the umbilical cord to the placenta. This is the organ that develops and implants in the mother's uterus during pregnancy. Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus gets all needed nutrition and oxygen.Patient and Family Services. From beside activities to education and space for healing, we help families feel more at ease during their visit. Bringing families into the care process is at the heart of everything we do. Our family-centered care approach—including families in the care process—is both a philosophy and a practice. We offer care and services in 45 locations. Johnson Pregnancy & Newborn Center. Stanford Children’s Health is exclusively dedicated to delivering the very best obstetric and pediatric care to expectant mothers, newborns and children. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health problem. It can affect people of all ages. A child with PTSD keeps having scary thoughts and memories of a past event. He or she finds the event terrifying, either physically or emotionally. The symptoms of PTSD may start soon after a stressful event. Or they may not happen for 6 months or ... Patient Portal – Stanford Children's patients and families can manage their MyChart health account and securely access test results, mail their doctors and health information. Symptom Checker - Use this symptom checker to learn what steps you can take to relieve your symptoms at home. Call For Appointment – Easy access to clinics and ...1 day ago · Specialty Care. The best way to make an appointment is to contact your doctor or clinic directly. If you have any questions, please contact Guest Services 650-498-3333. Returning patient? Sign in to your MyHealth account.Here at Stanford, DBP is a collaborative team of physicians from the Department of Pediatrics, psychologists, and nurses from Stanford Children’s Health. The core team works closely with speech/language pathologists, occupational and physical therapists, dieticians, and social workers. Fever in a young baby can be a sign of a dangerous infection. Your child is of any age and has repeated fevers above 104°F (40°C). Your child is younger than 2 years of age and has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) that lasts for more than 1 day. Your child is age 2 or older and has a fever of 100.4°F (38°C) that lasts for more than 3 days.The Stanford Autism Center at Stanford Children's Health is dedicated to providing specialized clinical services and advancing research in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Upcoming Events. 17th Annual Autism Update March 23, 2024. Registration now open! Click here for more information.Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a heart defect found in the days or weeks after birth. The ductus arteriosus is a normal part of fetal blood circulation before a baby is born. It’s an extra blood vessel that connects 2 arteries: the pulmonary artery and the aorta. The pulmonary artery carries blood from the heart to the lungs.This level of high-quality care was recognized by U.S. News & World Report, which ranked Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford in all 10 pediatric specialties, and ranked Neonatology third in the nation in their 2020–2021 Best Children’s Hospitals survey. Family-centered care. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia). A teen with this type has a long-lasting, low-grade, depressed or irritable mood for at least 1 year. Bipolar disorder. This type causes a mix of manic episodes and depressed periods, or times of flat or dulled emotional response. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.Please enter the medical record number (MRN) for the patient at Stanford Medicine Children's Health (If you are also a patient at Stanford Medicine Children's Health, enter your MRN, not your child's). The MRN is 8 numbers. Do not include letters, hyphens or spaces. If your MRN is less than 8 numbers, add zeroes to the beginning of your number. A: Stanford Children’s Health is now offering the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to children 12-17 years of age. An appointment is needed, and appointments for those age 12-17 are now available on the Stanford Children’s Health website at covidvaccine.stanfordchildrens.org. Q: Is the COVID vaccine dosage safe for kids as young as 12-year old? Packard Children’s has been named a Most Innovative Children’s Hospital by PARENTS Magazine. Stanford Medicine Children’s Health, along with Stanford Health Care and the Stanford School of Medicine, is part of Stanford Medicine. Together, we harness the potential of biomedicine through collaborative research, education, and clinical care. Gain practical skills and techniques for helping children develop into resilient individuals who thrive in their environment; Explore a child’s key developmental milestones, with guidance from Dr. Grace Gengoux, an expert on child development, behavior, and parent-child interactionsTo make and appointment or a referral, please call 1-650-725-8995. You may be asked to complete forms for your child to assist us in scheduling and serving your child and family. Stanford Children’s Health Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics programs are designed to provide comprehensive care and service to families.The pediatric liver transplant team at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford is a national transplant leader and a pediatric transplant pioneer. Our patient outcomes are among the best in the nation. We have decades of expertise to provide the most advanced care before, during, and after transplant tailored to your child’s needs. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia). A teen with this type has a long-lasting, low-grade, depressed or irritable mood for at least 1 year. Bipolar disorder. This type causes a mix of manic episodes and depressed periods, or times of flat or dulled emotional response. Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.Lucile Packard Children's Hospital. / 37.43611°N 122.17500°W / 37.43611; -122.17500. Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford (LPCH) is a nationally ranked women's and children's hospital which is part of the Stanford University Health system. The hospital is located adjacent to the campus at 725 Welch Road, Palo Alto, California.Jan 5, 2024 · Educational activities consist of supervising child psychiatric fellows and doctoral students. Clinic faculty and staff are also active in providing instructional workshops to educate clinicians, teachers, and parents about the different aspects of anxiety disorders.Tribute to Lucile Salter Packard by Christina Amri (carved and etched crystal glass with LED illumination and printed metal backer) — Here, Lucile Packard is shown as both a young woman and a visionary, hardworking philanthropist who gave not only to our children, but also to many communities and, thus, to the world. The children depicted in the photo are …Sep 10, 2018 · Stanford Children’s Health had already recognized the need for this type of framework in 2015, when it developed its own 10-year strategic plan to help guide the organization beyond the opening of the new Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford. “It was a bold and achievable vision that also pulled in some of the related academic ... 2 days ago · The 23-24 Postdoctoral Scholar Child Care Assistance Grant Program provides up to $5,000/academic year/family to eligible postdoctoral scholars with dependent children to assist with child care. Awards are paid monthly and are taxable income. Eligibility Requirements Applicant Must be a Stanford postdoctoral scholar, appointed through the …Our world-renowned team of pediatric heart surgeons is dedicated to repairing your child’s heart defect, whether he or she is a newborn, infant, child, or adolescent. It is what we do best, and we do a lot of it. From 2017 through 2021, the Heart Center team at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford performed more than 3,000 pediatric ...Neonatal abstinence syndrome happens when babies are exposed to drugs in the womb before birth. Babies can then be affected or go through drug withdrawal after birth. Symptoms of withdrawal may begin as soon as 24 to 48 hours after birth. Or they may start as late as 5 to 10 days after birth. Some babies may need medicines to treat severe ...Neonatal abstinence syndrome happens when babies are exposed to drugs in the womb before birth. Babies can then be affected or go through drug withdrawal after birth. Symptoms of withdrawal may begin as soon as 24 to 48 hours after birth. Or they may start as late as 5 to 10 days after birth. Some babies may need medicines to treat severe ...As a baby grows, the total amount of sleep slowly decreases. But the length of nighttime sleep increases. Generally, newborns sleep about 8 to 9 hours in the daytime and about 8 hours at night. But they may not sleep more than 1 to 2 hours at a time. Most babies don't start sleeping through the night (6 to 8 hours) without waking until they are ...The beds in the PICU averages 1,600-1,800 medical and surgical admissions annually and provides a full range of critical care services, including high-frequency ventilation, continuous renal replacement therapy, inhaled nitric oxide, and extra-corporeal life support. The PICU supports all subspecialty services at LPCH, directs the 24/7 ...Understanding the Teen Brain. It doesn’t matter how smart teens are or how well they scored on the SAT or ACT. Good judgment isn’t something they can excel in, at least not yet. The rational part of a teen’s brain isn’t fully developed and won’t be until age 25 or so. In fact, recent research has found that adult and teen brains work ... Over the last 10 years, the Stanford Medicine Children’s Health care network has provided families in the Bay Area and beyond with access to some of the best minds in medicine. The backbone of this innovative health care system is an infrastructure that empowers doctors to provide extraordinary pediatric as well as obstetric and …Orthodontic Assistant - Pediatric Clinic (.8FTE, Days) Respiratory Care Practitioner II (.9FTE, Nights), Sign-on Bonus Eligible. Senior Cardiac Sonographer (1.0FTE, Days), Sign-on Bonus Eligible. When you come to work for Stanford Medicine Children's Health, you’ll encounter a culture of compassion, respect, accountability, and family ... Stanford Health Care; Stanford Children's Health; Emergency Department; Dial 911 in the event of a medical emergency; Explore Health Care. Learn how we are healing patients through science & compassion . BackStanford Children’s Uses Advanced Neonatology Care and a Minimally Invasive Procedure to Save a Preemie. Erin Graham. Meet the smallest baby to have …Stanford Children’s Health is now Stanford Medicine Children’s Health. Along with Stanford Health Care and Stanford School of Medicine, we are part of the Stanford Medicine ecosystem dedicated to improving health outcomes for all () Stanford Medicine is participating in clinical trials to evaluate the response of children under 12 to the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Since May, researchers …Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes a child to have seizures. It is one of the most common disorders of the nervous system. It affects children and adults of all races and ethnic backgrounds. The brain consists of nerve cells that communicate with each other through electrical activity. A seizure occurs when one or more parts of the brain ...Dec 20, 2023 · A Stanford Internet Observatory (SIO) investigation identified hundreds of known images of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) in an open dataset used to train popular AI text-to-image generation models, such as Stable Diffusion.. A previous SIO report with the nonprofit online child safety group Thorn found rapid advances in generative …We work closely with your child and family to create and implement a comprehensive physical therapy treatment plan. This plan will address your child’s unique needs and is created by experienced licensed physical therapists dedicated to your child’s rehabilitation and recovery. Our patients may also benefit from an evaluation in our Motion ...Livermore. Bringing comprehensive children's specialty services closer to home in Contra Costa County and surrounding communities. Stanford Medicine Children's Health provides comprehensive specialty care for children and pregnant women. Stanford Medicine Children's Health Circumcision is a surgery to remove the skin covering the end of the penis. This is called the foreskin. This surgery is most often done 1 or 2 days after a baby boy's birth. Due to California state laws, Stanford Medicine Children's Health Hospital & Clinics is not able to release certain test results via the Internet (see below), despite the wishes of the patient: HIV antibody test Presence of antigens indicating a hepatitis infection Abusing the use of drugs Test results related to routinely processed tissues ... 6 days ago · The ultimate goal is to bridge the gap between transformational discovery and cures that can save lives. Our successes are made possible largely through the Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute (MCHRI), built on the foundational support of visionary donors who recognized the Institute’s potential to accelerate innovative ...Milestones related to vision or seeing. Birth. Poor eyesight. Infant will blink in response to bright light or touching eye. Eyes are sometimes uncoordinated, may look crossed-eyed. Able to stare at object if held 8 to 10 inches away. Initially fixes eyes on a face or light then begins to follow a moving object. 1 month.Injury rates: More than 3.5 million children ages 14 and younger get hurt annually playing sports or participating in recreational activities. Although death from a sports injury is rare, the leading cause of death from a sports-related injury is a brain injury. Sports and recreational activities contribute to approximately 21 percent of all ... LDL of less than 130 mg/dL. HDL of greater than 35 mg/dL (less than 35 mg/dL puts your teen at higher risk for heart disease) Some children and teens (ages 2 to 19) have families with high cholesterol or early heart disease. In these cases, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute advises these levels for cholesterol:TB Threshold Exceeded. TB Threshold at Weeks Gestation. Prematurity alone. Prematurity + additional neurotoxicity risk factors. Premie BiliRecs (PBR) is a Clinical Decision Support tool for treatment of indirect hyperbilirubinemia in pre-term neonates, created by Stanford Children's Health.The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) The birth of a baby is a wonderful and very complex process. Many physical and emotional changes occur for both mother and baby. A baby must make many physical adjustments to life outside the mother's body. Leaving the uterus means that a baby can no longer depend on the mother's blood supply and …Pediatric Gastroenterology. Our team of pediatric gastroenterologists uses innovative state-of-the-art techniques and therapies, along with pioneering research, to treat both simple and highly complex and rare diseases that affect your child’s gastrointestinal (GI) system. The GI system is responsible for moving food, digesting food ...But some children have language disorders. They may have: Receptive language disorder. A child has trouble understanding words that he or she hears and reads. Expressive language disorder. A child has trouble speaking with others and expressing thoughts and feelings. A child will often have both disorders at the same time.Patient Portal – Stanford Children's patients and families can manage their MyChart health account and securely access test results, mail their doctors and health information. Symptom Checker - Use this symptom checker to learn what steps you can take to relieve your symptoms at home. Call For Appointment – Easy access to clinics and ...Research updates. 4T Program Improves Outcomes for Children with New-Onset Diabetes A new pilot study published in April 2022 in JCEM shows children with new-onset Type 1 diabetes benefited from the Stanford …Support Stanford Medicine. Support teaching, research, and patient care. Ways to give; Why giving matters; Make a gift online; Support Children's Health. Support Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford and child and maternal health . Ways to give; How your gift helps; Make an online gift; BackOpened in 1991, LPCH is the heart and soul of Stanford Children’s Health. Nationally ranked and internationally recognized, our 311-bed hospital is devoted entirely to pediatrics and obstetrics. Our division is very active in treating a variety of patients at LPCH. During the day, there are two hospitalist attendings on service. May 2, 2002 · Philosophy for Children. First published Thu May 2, 2002; substantive revision Fri May 27, 2022. In the United States, philosophy typically makes its formal entry into the curriculum at the college level. A growing number of high schools offer some introduction to philosophy, often in special literature courses for college bound students.Chromosomes come in sets of 2, or pairs. Most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes in their cells. Trisomy means that a person has 3 of a certain chromosome instead of 2. Trisomy 13 means the child has 3 copies of chromosome number 13. Trisomy 18 means the child has 3 copies of chromosome number 18.A baby’s penis usually fully heals from a circumcision in 7 to 10 days. Call your child’s healthcare provider if your baby has any of the following: Fever. Wound that doesn’t stop bleeding. No urine 6 to 8 hours after the procedure. Redness or swelling that doesn’t get better after 3 days, or gets worse.E-mail: [email protected]. Phone: (650) 497-8554. Continuing professional education and training is a critical step in achieving the best medical and quality of life outcomes for patients. Continuing Medical Education (CME) consists of educational activities to develop and maintain knowledge, skills and professional performance.Injury is the leading cause of death in children and young adults. According to the CDC, approximately 12,000 children and young adults, ages 1 to 19 years, die from unintentional injuries each year. Falls are the leading cause of nonfatal injury for children. Children ages 19 and under account for about 8,000 fall-related visits to hospital ...Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford is the heart and soul of Stanford Medicine Children's Health. Nationally ranked and internationally recognized, devoted entirely to pediatrics and obstetrics. Key points about failure to thrive in children. Failure to thrive is slow physical development in a baby or child. It’s caused by a baby or child not having enough nutrition. A child with FTT is at risk for problems such as short height, behavior problems, and developmental delays. FTT has many possible causes.Stanford Medicine researchers have started enrolling children younger than 12 in clinical trials to evaluate their response to the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Stanford is serving as a site of the …Mastoiditis is an inflammation or infection of the mastoid bone. It is a complication of a middle ear infection. It happens when the infection in the middle ear spreads into the mastoid bone. Treatment often includes antibiotic medicine and draining the middle ear. This condition is often treated by an ear, nose, and throat healthcare provider ...Jul 6, 2021 · At the start of the study, researchers found that children in the control group slept 54 minutes more, on average, and had 15 minutes more REM sleep per night than children in the group that later received the training: Children in the control group were sleeping about 7.5 hours per night, and those in the curriculum group about 6.6 hours per ... The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) The birth of a baby is a wonderful and very complex process. Many physical and emotional changes occur for both mother and baby. A baby must make many physical adjustments to life outside the mother's body. Leaving the uterus means that a baby can no longer depend on the mother's blood supply and …Stanford Medicine Children's Health Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a condition in which an unborn baby (fetus) is smaller than expected for the number of weeks of pregnancy (gestational age). It is often described as an estimated weight less than the 10th percentile. This means that the baby weighs less than 9 out of 10 babies of the same gestational …Livermore. Bringing comprehensive children's specialty services closer to home in Contra Costa County and surrounding communities. Stanford Medicine Children's Health provides comprehensive specialty care for children and pregnant women. The Children’s Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Center at Stanford Medicine Children’s Health provides consultation and the latest treatments for children with orthopedic and musculoskeletal conditions. We treat everything from scoliosis, clubfoot, sports injuries and hip disorders to mending broken arms with brightly colored casts signed by best friends.

Good sportsmanship may seem hard to define, but its hallmarks include being able to win without gloating, respecting one's opponents, and being able to lose gracefully. Here are some important principles to instill in your children: If you lose, don't make up excuses. If you win, don't rub it in. Learn from mistakes and get back in the game.. Oka

stanford children

Opened in 1991, LPCH is the heart and soul of Stanford Children’s Health. Nationally ranked and internationally recognized, our 311-bed hospital is devoted entirely to …Support Stanford Medicine. Support teaching, research, and patient care. Ways to give; Why giving matters; Make a gift online; Support Children's Health. Support Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford and child and maternal health . Ways to give; How your gift helps; Make an online gift; BackParticipants were 55% female and 52% Hispanic. Fifty-seven percent of the children had severe obesity at the beginning of the study, meaning their BMI was more …Stanford Children’s Health, is the only Bay Area health network dedicated exclusively to pediatrics and obstetrics—from pharmacies and imaging to all general services. That means whether you’re visiting us for a well check-up or specialty appointment, your child is in the best possible hands. Stanford Medicine Children's Health Information Management Services; Sign, scan and email to [email protected]; Fax to 650-325-1788; Mail to Stanford Medicine Children's Health Information Management Services; 4700 Bohannon Drive, Second Floor; Menlo Park, CA 94025; MC 5900 US News & World Report has ranked Child Neurology at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford as the very best in the West and 8th overall in the nation. Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford. Our child neurology team specializes in treating the full range of neurological conditions in infants, children and adolescents, from head …The Maternal and Child Health Research Institute (MCHRI) accelerates Stanford discoveries to improve the health of pregnant women and children by fostering transdisciplinary research in the pre-clinical, clinical, and basic sciences. The CHRI works in partnership with the Stanford Children’s Health - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital …TB Threshold Exceeded. TB Threshold at Weeks Gestation. Prematurity alone. Prematurity + additional neurotoxicity risk factors. Premie BiliRecs (PBR) is a Clinical Decision Support tool for treatment of indirect hyperbilirubinemia in pre-term neonates, created by Stanford Children's Health.Chromosomes come in sets of 2, or pairs. Most people have 23 pairs of chromosomes in their cells. Trisomy means that a person has 3 of a certain chromosome instead of 2. Trisomy 13 means the child has 3 copies of chromosome number 13. Trisomy 18 means the child has 3 copies of chromosome number 18.We offer care and services in 45 locations. Johnson Pregnancy & Newborn Center. Stanford Children’s Health is exclusively dedicated to delivering the very best obstetric and pediatric care to expectant mothers, newborns and children. Dec 20, 2023 · A Stanford Internet Observatory (SIO) investigation identified hundreds of known images of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) in an open dataset used to train popular AI text-to-image generation models, such as Stable Diffusion.. A previous SIO report with the nonprofit online child safety group Thorn found rapid advances in generative …Neonatal abstinence syndrome happens when babies are exposed to drugs in the womb before birth. Babies can then be affected or go through drug withdrawal after birth. Symptoms of withdrawal may begin as soon as 24 to 48 hours after birth. Or they may start as late as 5 to 10 days after birth. Some babies may need medicines to treat severe ....

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